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# Glossary

> Definitions for Collect-specific terms — checkout sessions, transactions, payment methods, refunds, settlement, and rate locks.

Terms specific to the Collect (payments) API. For platform-wide terms see the [platform glossary](/glossary); for the concepts and how they relate, see [Core Concepts](/core-concepts).

* **3D Secure (3DS)** — a card-authentication step (an extra challenge) handled automatically in hosted flows and tunable via payment rules.
* **Adaptive Currency Conversion (ACC)** — converting a checkout into the payer's `collectionCurrency` when it differs from the session `currency`. Priced one of two ways: an implicit per-session quote (the default — minted at session creation, refreshed in-place on the hosted page if it expires) or a [rate lock](/rate-locks) supplied as `rateLockId`. The applied rate is snapshotted onto every transaction attempt. See [Adaptive Currency Conversion](/adaptive-currency-conversion).
* **`authState`** — the field on a transaction carrying its authorization state, any required payer action, and failure detail.
* **Authorization → capture → settlement** — card-flow stages: funds are approved/reserved (authorization), finalised (capture), then transferred to the merchant (settlement).
* **BIN (Bank Identification Number)** — the first six digits of a card, used for risk and routing.
* **Chargeback** — a customer-disputed transaction that is reversed and deducted from settlement.
* **Checkout session** — the context for collecting a payment from a payer in a collection currency; parent of one or more transactions. Created with an optional `rateLockId` and `collectionCurrency`; carries an `fxCommit` once a conversion has been applied (the lock that priced it is readable as `fxCommit.quoteId`).
* **Collection currency** (`collectionCurrency`) — the currency the payer is actually charged in. Optional on session creation; defaults to the primary currency for `payerDetails.location`. When it differs from the session `currency`, [ACC](/adaptive-currency-conversion) applies a conversion (priced per session by default, or by a [rate lock](/rate-locks)).
* **Direct API integration** — a server-to-server integration where the merchant builds its own UI and calls the APIs directly (card handling requires PCI-DSS).
* **Drift (market drift)** — market-rate movement beyond an allowed tolerance, which cancels a rate lock before it expires.
* **Fraud prevention / risk scoring** — internal screening that scores each transaction's risk before it reaches the processor, protecting against fraud while letting legitimate payments proceed.
* **FX commit** (`fxCommit`) — the immutable rate snapshot recorded when a conversion is applied to a session. `fxCommit` on the session is the *latest* committed conversion; each transaction attempt also carries its own per-attempt snapshot (`collection`, `fxMidRate`, `fxAllInRate`, `fxMarkupBps`, `fxFee`) preserved for reconciliation. Applied by both [rate locks](/rate-locks) and [ACC](/adaptive-currency-conversion).
* **Hosted Checkout** — a CrissCross-hosted payment page that renders the available methods and keeps card data out of the merchant's scope.
* **Initiation currency** — the currency the merchant prices the session in — the session's `currency` field. Distinct from the **collection currency** (what the payer is charged in) when a conversion is applied.
* **Local payment method (LPM)** — a payment method specific to a market (e.g. M-Pesa in Kenya, Pay By Bank in South Africa).
* **Merchant location** — the merchant's operating country (`paymentAttributes`), which influences which methods render and what extra security applies.
* **Merchant-initiated transaction (MIT)** — a payment the merchant initiates later using stored credentials, without live payer interaction.
* **Mobile money (MoMo)** — a mobile-wallet payment method; payers approve via an **STK push** (handset prompt) or **USSD** menu. The provider (M-Pesa, MTN, Airtel, etc.) is the **operator**.
* **Payer** — the person making the payment (the merchant's customer).
* **Payment (attempt)** — a single charge attempt against a payment method. A transaction can contain more than one.
* **Payment method** — a supported instrument (card, mobile money, Pay By Bank, bank transfer, etc.).
* **Payment rules** — no-code conditions and actions that route transactions, choose processors, and show/hide methods.
* **PCI-DSS** — the card-data security standard; scope is reduced by Hosted Checkout, and required for Direct API card handling.
* **Rate lock** (`rlk_`) — a held FX rate, reusable across many checkout transactions until it expires or is cancelled on market drift. One of the two ways to price [ACC](/adaptive-currency-conversion). See [Rate Locks](/rate-locks).
* **Refund (provider vs payout refund)** — returning collected funds. A *provider refund* reverses on the original rail; a *payout refund* sends funds back as a payout when the rail has no refund mechanism (common for mobile money).
* **Settlement** — the transfer of captured funds to the merchant's designated bank account, on a schedule (e.g. T+1).
* **Settlement rate** — the FX rate applied when funds collected in one currency are settled to the merchant in another (e.g. collected in KES, settled in USD); it may differ from the rate at the time of collection.
* **Split tender** — a session paid by more than one captured transaction; a refund must name the `originalTransactionId`.
* **Tokenization** — converting payment details into a reusable token so they can be stored and reused without handling sensitive data.
* **Transaction** — the full lifecycle of a payment event within a session (every attempt, refund, and adjustment); identified by `transactionId`.